Compaction Behaviour
Compaction is the densification of a material by the application of loads, through rolling, tamping, or vibration, with the aim of increasing the dry density of the material. The compacted unit weight of the material depends on the amount and method of energy application, grain size distribution, plasticity characteristics and moisture content at compaction. When it is used as a construction material, the most important engineering properties are its shear strength, its compressibility and its permeability. In the case of an embankment, compaction is desired to improve the stability of the slope and to prevent detrimental settlement (Kim, 2003).
The compaction characteristic of PFA exhibits a similar trend to that of low plasticity cohesive soil. Typical moisture-density curves have a mound shape. Available data on the compaction characteristics of PFA show somewhat wide variations in both optimum water content and maximum dry density. The large variations in the values are mainly due to the variation of PFA itself, which exhibits different chemical and physical characteristics depending on factors such as the source of coal and the condition of coal combustion (Kim, 2003).
Permeability
Permeability is an important parameter in the design of liners to contain leachate migration, dykes to predict the loss of water as well as the stability of slopes and as a sub-base material. The coefficient of permeability of ash depends upon the grain size, degree of compaction and pozzolanic activity (Pandian, 2004).
Shear Strength
An important engineering property that is necessary for using PFA in many geotechnical applications is its shear strength. In soil mechanics, shear strength is the fundamental characteristic that determines the ability of soils to resist loading without failing. The evaluation of the shear strength is important for the stability assessment of all soil structures including embankment slopes, foundations, and soil retaining structures.
Class F PFA is basically only frictional materials. The class F PFA may develop an apparent cohesion due to capillary tension when it becomes wet. However, the effect is completely lost when it is either dried or saturated. In contrast to this behavior, class C PFA can exhibit considerable cohesive strength due to cementitious reactions, which is the dominant source of shear strength of class C PFA (Kim, 2003)
Compressibility
Compressibility characteristics of PFA depend on its initial density, degree of saturation, self-hardening characteristics and pozzolanic activity. Partially saturated ashes are less compressible compared to fully saturated ones. To estimate the settlement of structures placed on PFA embankments or fills, one-dimensional consolidation test results are required (Pandian, 2004).
PFA is a fine-grained material and more permeable than compacted cohesive soils. Consequently, the deformation behavior is likely to be similar to that of a granular soil. For a granular soil, the deformation undergone is the result of deformation in the particles themselves and relative inter particle movement. In granular soils, deformation is caused by distortion and crushing of individual particles, and relative motion between particles as the result of sliding or rolling. While the sliding between the particles occurs at all stress levels, the crushing and fracturing of particles begins in a minor way at very low stresses, but becomes evident when some critical stress is reached (Kim, 2003).
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